Reconstruction:
Reconstruction -Rebuilding of the South. Readmitting Southern states back into the union.
"With Malice(hatred) Towards none with Charity Towards All" - The south should betreated with kindness and fairness
Abraham Lincoln's ReconstructionPlan - 10% Plan
10% Plan - 10 % of Southerners had to swear loyalty to the Union
John Wilkes Booth -Assassinated Abraham Lincoln
13th Amendment -Abolished slavery
14th Amendment - Grantedall citizens civil rights
15th Amendment - Grantedmales aged 21 and older suffrage (right to vote)
Black Codes - Passed by President Johnson to limit the rights and freedoms of the newly freedmen
Scalawags - A poor,white, southern farmer who supported reconstruction
Carpetbagger -Northerners who traveled to the south to gain person fortune off the south'smisery
Ku Klux Klan - Terrorist group who sought to keep former slaves powerless and restore white democratic power
Andrew Johnson -Impeached due to violating the Tenure of Office Act although he was found not guilty by one vote
Plessy v Ferguson (1896)- Supreme Court ruling that stated "Separate but Equal" was constitutional
Segregation - to separate a group due to race, color, religion, or gender
Ulysses S Grant -President who passed the Anti-Klan bill to try and stop lynching
Freedmen's Bureau -Organization started under Lincoln's administration to help newly freedmen and poor whites in the south by offering them food, shelter, clothing and fuel.They helped set up churches and schools.
Poll tax - Paying a feeto vote
Literacy Test - Reading and interperating part of the U.S. Constitution in order to be eligible tovote
Grandfather Clause - If your father (or grandfather) voted before January 1, 1896 then you were eligibleto vote
Suffrage - The right tovote
Lynch - To hang a person without giving them a trial
Radical reconstruction -Congress divided the South into 5 military zones which were policed by soldiers to make sure that African Americans were granted their rights
sharecropping - systemof farming that often times kept freedmen in a constant cycle of debt
Compromise of 1977 -Rutherford B Hayes promised to remove troops into he south if in returns outherners promised to uphold the right of African Americans. This ended reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws -Segregated laws in public
Anti_Klan Bill - Passed by Ulysses S Grant. It called for the arrest of numerous klansmen
The West:
Transcontinentalrailroad - Rail line that linked the Atlantic and Pacific costs. Mostly built by Chinese and Irish Immigrants.
Two Railroad Companies:Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Long Drive: Cowhands moved herds of cattle from Texas to railroad lines in Kansas
Homestead: Piece of land
Homesteader: Farmer
Homestead Act -Government gave farmers 160 acres of land if they cleared and cultivated theland for 5 years
Boomtown - Towns thatexperienced economic growth and population increase. ex) Denver and Reno
Ghost Town - Abandoned towns
Barbed wire fencing -used to keep stampeding buffalo out or domestic animals in due to the lack ofwood in the western area
Sod Houses - Chunks ofgrass and mud that made houses due to the lack of wood
Great Plains - Areabetween the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains
Frontier - Sparsely settled area of the west
Dawes Act - Land givento Native Americans so that they could farm
Nez Perce - Led by Chief Joseph who chose to surrender. "I am tired of fighting, from where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever"
Vigilante - Citizen who took the law into their own hands
Reservation - Government land given to Native Americans
Sand Creek Massacre -1864 - The US soldiers opened fire on a peaceful Cheyenne village killing in Colorado over 200 women and children
Battle of Little Bighorn- 1876 - In Montana a battle occurred between Custer's men and Sioux Indians.in less than 2 hours the Sioux had a victory. Custer's Last Stand
Wounded Knee Massacre -Mass killing of Native Americans by US troops in 1890 on the Pine Ridge Reservation
Sitting Bull - Sioux Chief who was killed by a Lakota soldier
Vaquero - Spanish cowhand who came from to the Southwest from Mexico
Promontory point - Area in Utah where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific met
Railroad Builders -Mostly Chinese and Irish immigrants, faced Indian attacks
Homesteaders - Settlers who wanted free land (Homestead Act), faced unreliable rain and locusts
Cowhands/cowboys -Settled west to make a profit from the cattle industry, faced long hours,stampeding buffalo, harsh winters, and problems with barbed wire fencing
Miners - Settled west to get rich from silver and gold, faced problems of no law, little order,dangerous boomtowns
Interstate Commerce -Trade on a large scale through numerous states
Immigration:
Immigrant/Emigrant - A person who leaves one country to move permanently to another
·Visa: Government documents that allow people from other nations to enter the country for a limited period of time.
There are two basic kinds:
1- Temporary (for tourists/students)
2 Permanent (for those that are applying for citizenship)
Passport – Document issued by a citizen’s home government that identifies a person and permits him or her to travel to other countries.
Alien: A person who is not a citizen of the US. This includes temporary visitors and permanent residents.
OLD IMMIGRANTS -Came from Northern and Western Europe, Mostly Protestant
New Immigrants:-Came from Southern and Eastern Europe, Mostly Catholic or Jewish
Push factors -Conditions that drive people to leave their homes
1.Scarcity of Land
2.Political persecution
3.Religious persecution
4.Revolutions
5.Poverty
Pogrom - Organized and often violent persecutions of minority groups.
Persecution - is harsh treatment of people because of their religion, ethnic group, or political ideas.
Pull Factors Conditions that attract people to a new area
1-Freedom
(religious and political)
2 - Hope for a new life
3 - Jobs (Factory jobs, Building the railroads)
4 -Free or cheap land (Homestead Act)
5 -Myth that “Streets were paved with gold”
6 -Free education
Green Card (Alien Registration Receipt Card) - Official document that proves an immigrant can reside and work in the US legally
Assimilation: Process of becoming part of another culture or blending into a society
Melting Pot - Melting together of many cultures to become one culture, AMERICAN
Salad Bowl (Multi-culturalism) - American but still celebrate your traditions, customs, and holidays
from your native country
Nativists - People who wanted to limit immigration.
Chinese Exclusion Act: (1882) -No Chinese laborer could enter the United States. Chinese workers were barred for10 years
Quotas – Limits the amount of people coming into the United States
Quota of 1924 – 150,000 Europeans were allowed to enter the United States each year.
Ellis Island - First stop in America for most European immigrants
Angel Island - First stop in America for most Asian immigrants
Tenements - Cheap, rundown, unsanitary apartments
Cultural Diversity - a mix of different ethnic groups within a society
Industry:
Industrialization: - The birth and growth of businesses that make and distribute products through the use of machinery
Economics –study of the production, distribution,and consumption of goods and services
Urbanization - People moving and living in cities
Rapid Growth of Industry:
1. Railroads
2. Natural Resources
3. Inventions
4. Human Talent and Labor
5. Capital (money)
Laissez-Faire Policy - noninterference by the government.
Free Enterprise - Privately owned businesses that are free to
compete with one another. Citizens decide what to produce, how much, and what price to charge.
Capitalism - The US economic system in America
3 factors of Production:
1. Land – Land is used for all its natural resources that are useful for industrial production(minerals,
wood, etc.)
2. Labor – human input(laborers) in the production process.
3. Capital – finance raised to operate a business. (tools, machinery, and $)
Business Cycle – the pattern of good and bad economic times.
-Boom,Bust/Panic, recession, and Depression
Patent - Guarantee issued by the government giving an inventor all profits from his or her invention for a certain length of time.
Assembly Line -A mechanized line in which workers had only one task that they would repeat over and over
Mass Production - The production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines.
Petroleum - Oily, Flammable liquid used in making kerosene
Bessemer Steel Process - technique that produced steel more cheaply
Generator - Machine that produced electric current
Thomas Edison - Inventor who developed a practical light bulb and found ways to use electricity
Trust - company it hat acts on behalf behalf of a person or business. (part of Big Business)
Alexander Graham Bell - Inventor who developed the first telephone
Centennial Exhibition - A public fair celebrating America's 100th birthday
Robber Baron - Business person who became wealthy through dishonest methods
Captain of Industry - Ingenious and industrious leaders who transformed the American economy with their business skills.
Monopoly – company that controls all or nearly all the business of an industry.
Trust – A legal body created to hold stock in many companies. Group of corporations run by a single
board of directors.
Supply - Represents how much the market can offer.
Demand - Refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers.
- A high supply with a low demand Results in lower prices
- A low supply with a high demand Results in higher prices
Inflation - Rise in price with a decrease in the value of money
John D Rockefeller - Leader of the oil industry
Andrew Carnegie - Leader of the steel industry
Entrepreneur - A person who starts there own business
Philanthropist - A person who gives away large sums of money to charities
Gilded Age - term used to describe a time of both tremendous wealth and poverty in the late 1800's
Corporation - Business owned by investors who bought stock in the company
Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire - March 25, 1911 incident at the Asch building in NY city where 146, mostly female women and children, died
Labor Unions – groups of workers that negotiate with company owners to gain better wages and working conditions.
Strike - When workers refuse to work until their demands are met.
Boycott - Workers ask American people not to buy products made by that company.
Picketing - Striking workers form a line which other workers should not cross
Knights of Labor - Brotherhood of all working people, skilled, unskilled, black and white, men and women Goals: 1) 8 hour work day 2) no child labor 3) vote for women
American Federation of Labor (AFL) - Open to only independent craft or skilled workers
Yellow Dog Contract - Workers sign and promise not to join a union
Blacklist - Employers tell other bosses about “troublemakers” so they will not get jobs
Strikebreakers: Workers brought in from other places to bust up strikes
Injunction: Court order to stop something (strike)
Scabs - Were hired to work when employees were on strike
Lockout – factory closed in order to force workers to give up their demands
Mediation: When a third party tries to help owners and workers to come to an agreement.
Arbitration: When a neutral third party decides what the agreement or compromise will be between labor and management.
Collective Bargaining: The Union represents the workers in negotiating a contract with management.
Haymarket Affair - A conflict between police and union members in Chicago in May 1886
Pullman Strike - 1894 strike that spread throughout the rail industry
Eugene V Debs - American Railway Union president
Samuel Gompers - U.S. labor leader
Jacob Riis - Author of the book How the Other Half Lives which shows how the poor lived in the time of the gilded age
Socialism - Economic system in which all members of society are equal owners of all businesses
Problems workers faced in the late 1800's and early 1900's: Unsafe working conditions, low pay, long hours, easily fired if unskilled, no vacation or sick time
Child Labor - 1900 – 2 million children under the age of 15 were working throughout the country.
Sweatshop - places where workers labor long hours under poor conditions for low wages.
Big Business - Business or robber barons who used unethical methods to gain their fortune or run their business
Progressives:
Causes of Progressivism
1. Political Corruption (senators, congressmen taking bribes to help bug business)
2. Unethical Monopolies (using cut-throat competition)
3. Poor Working Conditions (unsafe, long hours, child labor etc.)
4. Unequal Rights (African-Americans being discriminated against, women don’t have the right to vote)
Effects of Progressivism (the Progressive Era was very successful so the effects are the opposite of the causes)
1. Less Corruption (direct voter primaries, recall elections)
2. Regulate Monopolies (Anti-Trust Laws)
3. Better working conditions (more money, less hours, safety regulations)
4. More Equal Rights (NAACP is formed for African-Americans, women get the right vote with the 18th Amendment)
Reform - change
Progressives - Reformers who think the government should make laws to protect workers, consumers, and citizens rights.
Laizzez Faire - Theory that stated business, if left unregulated, would act in a way that would benefit the nation. "Handsoff" approach, no government
Jacob Riis - Author of the book How the Other Half Lives which shows how the poor lived in the time of the gilded age
Regulation - the enforcement of laws that control conduct or practices; government regulations control the way goods, food, and drugs are produced and sold to the public.
Spoils System - Politicians who gave jobs to friends and supporters
Civil Service Test - Taking a test or exam fora federal job
Square Deal - Roosevelt's campaign slogan stating that all people rich and poor, native born and immigrant should have an equal opportunity and be treated fairly. It called for limiting the power of trusts, promoting public health and safety, and improving public working conditions.
Susan B Anthony - Early activist for women's suffrage
Nineteenth Amendment - Gave women full voting rights
Clayton Ant-trust Act - Pro-labor law regulated trusts and protected competition
William Howard Taft - who succeeded Roosevelt
Jungle - Book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the meat packing industry
Social Darwinism - the idea that people and societies compete for survival, with the fit becoming wealthy and successful while the weak struggle to survive
Progressivism - Name given to nation's reform movement
Muckraker - Writers who exposed social problems
Direct Primary - Election in which voters, rather than party bosses or political machines, choose candidates
Initiative - Measure that allows voters to propose a law directly
Referendum - A proposed law submitted to the vote of the people
Recall - Measure allowing citizens to vote an official out of office before an election
Sherman - Antitrust Act - Law that regulated trusts
Theodore Roosevelt - 26th U.S. president
16th Amendment - Gave Congress the power to create income taxes
17th Amendment - provided for the direct election of U.S. senators
19th Amendment - Gave women full voting rights
Problems in American Society:
-Unethical Monopolies -Cut-throat competition forced smaller companies
out of business
-Political Corruption -Monopolists (Big Business) had influence over Congress by bribing Senators and Congressmen
-Presidents supported factory owners in strikes
-Government used a Laizzez Faire attitude towards the economy
- Segregation and Jim Crow Laws
- No women Suffrage
- Poor working conditions
Methods Used by Progressives:
-Letters
-Articles
- Wrote books
-Took pictures
-Led marches
-Passed laws
Progressives:
Theodore roosevelt
Problem: Business were using unfair business practices to drive out competition
Method Used: Enforced the Sherman Anti-trust Act
Reforms Made: Busted up the Northern Securities Railroad trust, Rockefeller's Standard Oil trust and 44 other illegal
trusts
Ida Tarbell
Problem: John D Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust was using unfair business tactics to force small
companies out of business.
Method Used: Wrote the book: The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904).
Reforms Made: President Roosevelt busted up the Standard Oil Trust
Robert La Follett
Problem: -Political bosses choose candidates for office. These candidates usually represent
powerful business owners.
- Corrupt party bosses bribe voters and stuff ballot boxes with fake votes
Method Used: Ran and won election as governor in 1900
Reforms Made: -Direct Primaries,-Initiative, -Referendum, -Recall
Upton Sinclair:
Problem: -Few safety measures were in place for workers. Missing thumbs and fingers were eaten
away by acid and death occurred due to deadly falls into cooking vats. -Meat is packed
under unsanitary conditions
Method Used: wrote the book The Jungle
Reforms Made: - Roosevelt passed the: 1 - Meat Inspection Act 2 - Pure Food and Drug Act
John Muir
Problem: -Wilderness is being destroyed, Loggers are destroying the nations forests, Miners are
scarring mountains and polluting rivers, Many species of birds are becoming extinct
Method Used: Wrote a book titled: Our National Parks and Published articles
Reforms Made: Influenced Roosevelt to increase the amount of land set aside for national forests.
Influenced Roosevelt to double the amount of national parks and outlaw logging and
ranching in national parks
Mother Jones
Problem: Child Labor and Poor working conditions
Method Used: March- March of the Mill Children went from Pennsylvania to Oyster Bay Long Island
Reforms Made:43 states banned Child Labor, 56 NY protection Laws, Maryland program to assist
injured workers, Oregon law to limit women workers to 10 hr workdays
Jane Addams
Problem: Poverty, Poor living conditions, no daycare for children,no safe place for children to play
Method Used: Created the Hull House
Reforms Made: won the Noble Peace prize
W.E.B DuBois
Problem: -Jim Crow laws in the South segregated schools, parks, and other public places, Blacks
were lynched, brutally attacked, or starved, blacks could not vote, and in the North blacks
are discriminated against for jobs and housing
Method Used: Formed the Niagra Movement and Organized a silent protest parade against
lynching
Reforms- Created NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Alice Paul:
Problem: -Women were not enfranchised, they did not have suffrage (right to vote)
Method Used: Parades, formed NPA,(National Women's Party) wrote a newspaper, picketed/protested the whitehouse,
hunger strike
Reforms- Passage of the 19th Amendment
Ida B wells
Problem - segregation/Jim Crow Laws, no women suffrage
Method Used: protests, joined the NAACP
Reform - the 19th Amendment (1920) and Civil Rights Act of 1964
Eugene Debs
Problem - Poor working conditions (low pay, long hours, unsanitary work place, unsafe workplace)
Method - president of Union
Reform - Working laws
Temperance Movement - Social movement to ban alcohol
Imperialism
Reasons for Imperialism
1. Economic – raw materials from Africa and Asia
2. Military Benefit
3. Cultural Superiority - Religion(spread Christianity)
Isolationist –having little to do with the political affairs of other nations.
expansionism - extending America's national boundaries.
Sphere of Influence- was an area, usually around a seaport, where a nation had special trading privileges
Open Door Policy - (1899) This stated that all nations should have equal trading rights regardless of spheres of influence.
Yellow Journalism - Style of reporting that exaggerated events
U.S.S. Maine - US warship that exploded and sank in Havana,Cuba
Spanish-American War - War between US and Spain over the issue of Cuban independence
Rough riders - Fighting force in Cuba led by Theodore Roosevelt
Platt Amendment - Doctrine that gave the US the right to intervene in Cuba
Anti-imperialist League - Group of Americans who opposed US imperialism
Boxer Rebellion - Uprising by Chinese against foreigners
Panama Canal - US built route through Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Imperialism - Policy by which stronger nations take control of weaker territories
William Seward - Secretary of State who arranged the purchase of Alaska
Queen Liliuokalani - First queen of the Hawaiian Islands
American Acquisitions of the Spanish American War:
1. Guam (The pacific islands )became a US territory
2. Puerto Rico (The Caribbean Islands) became a US territory
3. The Philippines was surrendered by the Spaniards with an additional US expense of 20 million dollars
4.Cuba - U.S. obtained rights in Guantanamo Bay and the U.S. became a Cuban protectorate (an independent country under control o another country)
Why build the Panama Canal?
1 - allow easier access to American overseas territories
2 - transportation of the military
3 - Trade
4 - End the long and dangerous voyage around South America
Big Stick Foreign Policy(Diplomacy) - Roosevelt uses his power to intervene in Latin America.
Foreign Policy - America's relationship (economic or political) with countries outside of the United States
Roosevelt Corollary - U.S. Policy that permitted the U.S. to intervene in Latin America when it was necessary to maintain stability in the region. It was an extension of the Monroe Doctrine
The Great War (WWI)
Underlying Causes of WWI(MAIN)
1 - Militarism - The belief that a nation needs a large military force
2 - Alliances: an intricate system of national treaties and alliances developed in Europe that would compel most of the world to declare war at the slightest incident.
Central Powers - An alliance of Austria-Hungry, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman empire (Turkey)
3 - Imperialism: A growing rivalry over European trade, colonies, and spheres of influence in Africa and Asia
4 - Nationalism - Love of your country
Woodrow Wilson -President during WWI who wanted to keep the world safe for Democracy
14 Points - Woodrow Wilson's terms for the Treaty of Versailles including the League of Nations
Immediate Cause of WWI - The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Technology
-Tanks-Big Willie - British invention
-Poisonous gases (63 created during WWI killing almost 1 million lives)
-Airplanes - Manfred von Richthofen aka Red Baron German's Ace aviator, Edward Vernon
Rickenbacker -USA ace Aviator
-Machine Guns - Gatlin Gun shot 600 bullets in 1 minute
Horrors of Trench Warfare - trench mouth, trench foot, dead bodies, rats,mud, lice, exposure to gases
Allies - An alliance of Serbia, Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, and seven other countries
Central Powers - Germany, Austra-Hungry, and the Ottomon Empire
Selective Service Act - (draft) - Men from 21 - 30 must sign up for the war
Trench Warfare - Fighting from the protected ditches
U - boats - Well armed German submarines
Neutrality - Refusal to take sides in a war
Zimmerman Telegram -message proposing an alliance between Germany and Mexico. Mexico would receive Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if Mexico joined the Central Powers.
Woodrow Wilson - U.S. President during WWI
Reason US Abandoned Neutrality and entered WWI
- Economic Ties
- Unrestricted Submarine warfare
- Zimmerman Telegram
- Russian revolution
- Fear of German Power
John J Pershing - Commander of the U.S. forces
American Expeditionary Force - US troops in WWI led by General Pershing
Convoy System - System of using battleships to escort merchant ships for protection
Second Battle of the Marne - Turning point in the war, in which Allies halted German advancement
Alvin York - American war hero who killed 25 German soldiers and captured 132
War Bonds - Low interest loans by civilians to the government
Propaganda - Material produced to influence others
Espionage Act - Law that imposed harsh penalties for antiwar crimes
Sedition Act - An addition to the Espionage act that outlawed more antiwar crimes
Oliver Wendall Holmes - Supreme Court Justice
Great Migration - Movement of many African Americans to northern cities from the South in the early 1900s
Self- Determination - The right to rule oneself
The BIG four - America, France, Great Britain, and Italy
Treaty of Versailles - Treaty that ended WWI. 1 - Germany had to take full blame for the war. 2 - Germany had to pay reparations (money) 3. Germany had to limit their military
League of Nations - International peace keeping organization that the US was not part of because the senate blocked the US
Factors that contributed to the enormous loss of life during WWI
1. The introduction of new weapons such as the machine gun and poison gas. (technology)
2. The large number of nations involved in the conflict.
3. The refusal of either side to accept an early victory.
Stalemate - a tie, when neither side has a clear victory
Russia's withdrawal from the War - hurt the allies because the Central Powers no longer had to fight on two fronts.
Roaring 20's
Buying on Margin: For 10% down payment, buyers held stocks until the price rose and sold it for a profit
Warren Harding - 29th President
Teapot Dome Scandal - Bribery scandal involving cabinet member Albert fall who was sent to prison for his crimes
Calvin Coolidge - 30th president
Laissez Faire - economic theory that promotes leaving business unregulated
Isolationist - opposition to US foreign affairs
Kellogg-Briand Pact - International agreement in which nations agreed to refrain from war
Assembly Line - Process of assembling a product whereby workers at various stations add parts to it
Installment buying - Buying on credit and repaying the amount in monthly payments
Flapper - Symbol of the modern American woman in the 1920's
Langston Hughes - Famous African American poet
Prohibition - The effort to ban alcohol consumption in the United States
Al Capone - Famous Chicago crime boss
NAACP - Organization aimed at protecting the rights of African Americans
Marcus Garvey - Black nationalist leader
Jazz Musicians - Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, Bessie Smith,Louis Armstrong
Fundamentalism - Belief in a literal interpretation of the Bible
Ku Klux Klan - Organization that preached racism and white superiority
Mass Media - Communication that reaches a large audience
Popular Culture - The collection of popular songs, dances,fashion, and expressions
Harlem Renaissance - Flourishing of African American cultural activity centered in the Harlem district of New York City
Expatriate - Citizen of one country who lives in another
Scopes Trial - The debate between the Biblical Creation Theory versus Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Sacco and Venzetti Trial - Italian immigrants who were arrested, convicted and executed for robbery and murder with limited evidence
Speakeasy - An illegal bar that sold alcohol
Red Scare - Fear of communism
Bootlegging - Production and distribution of illegal alcohol
Great Depression
3 Goals of the first 100 days of FDR:
1 - Relief – for the hungry and jobless.
2 - Recovery – for agriculture and industry.
3 - Reform – change the way the economy worked.
Underlying Causes of the Great Depression:
1.Overproduction
2.Over Speculation
3.Too much Debt
4.Uneven distribution of wealth
18th Amendment - Prohibition (banning of alcohol)
Shanty Town - wretched run down houses created during the Great Depression. They were nicknamed "Hoovervilles"
Stock market crash of on October 29, 1929 - Immediate Cause of the Great Depression
Herbert Hoover - U.S. president elected in 1928 and served during the Great Depression
Franklin D. Roosevelt - U.S. President who used the trial and error method of the New Deal Programs to try and help the economy during the Great Depression
Speculation - Buying and selling stocks in the hope of making a quick profit
Buying on Margin - Paying for part of a stock's price up front and borrowing the rest.
Black Tuesday - October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed
Crash of 1929 - name given to the collapse of the stock market
Great Depression - Period of bad economic times lasting from 1929 to the start of World War II
Public works Projects - Government funded projects to build public resources
Bonus Army - Military veterans who marched on Washington to demand early payment of war bonuses
Dorothea Lange - famous photographer of the 1930's
Deficit Spending - Borrowing money from other countries to continue government programs in America
Dust Bowl - Occurred in the Great Plains. After a long drought,winds picked up the first five inches of top soil and created huge dust storms that forced many farms to fail and farm families to move
Social Security Act (SSA) –Workers and employees make payments into a special fund, from which they would draw a pension after they retired. It also helped to laid-off workers, disabled workers, and needy families with dependent children
Eleanor Roosevelt - Traveled around America experiencing the New Deal Programs first hand
Fireside Chats - FDR used the radio to restore hope and convince people to put their money back into banks
New Deal - FDR's programs to try and get America out of the Great Depression
WORLD WAR II
Allies - France, Great Britain, United States (France fell to the Nazis)
Axis - Italy, Germany and Japan
Dictator is a ruler who has complete power over a country
-Benito Mussolini - Italy
-Adolf Hitler - Germany (Nazi Party)
-Hideki Tojo - Japan
-Joseph Stalin - U.S.S.R
Totalitarian state -Single party controls the government and every aspect of people’s lives
Benito Mussolini - “IL Duce” – The Leader. He seized power in Italy in 1922 as Prime Minister
Acts of Aggression - Warlike act by one country against another without just cause
-Italy - invaded Ethiopia
-Germany - Invaded Sudetenland, Austria, Rhineland, Czechoslovakia
- Japan - invaded Manchuria (northeastern China)
D-Day - Allied invasion of France in June 1944 to liberate Europe
Dwight D Eisenhower - U.S. general who led the Allied forces in Europe
Neutrality Acts - Laws banned arms sales or loans to countries at war which resulted in limiting economic ties to warring nations
FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy Tried to establish friendly relations with Latin American countries.- FDR wanted the nations in the Western Hemisphere to stick together in the face of European conflict
Blitzkrieg - The overwhelming use of force on an unprepared army that stresses lightening speed, the use of tanks, planes, and large numbers of troops
non-aggression pact - Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin sign an agreement to not attack each other
Invasion of Poland - Forces Great Britain and France to declare war of Germany in 1939
Fascism - Political movement that preached intense nationalism and often racism
Nazi Party - Fascist party that ruled Germany between 1933 to 1945
Axis Powers - Name of alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan
Appeasement - Policy of meeting a nation's demand to avoid war
Lend-lease - Program in which the United States sent war materials to Allies
Pearl Harbor - Site of Japanese attack on the United States
War Production Board - Agency established to oversee production of war materials
Rationing - System in which families received a fixed amount of certain items
Rosie the Riveter - Image that became the symbol of women workers
A Philip Randolph - African American labor leader
Bracero Program - Policy in which Mexicans were hired to fill the nation's need for farm labor
Japanese-American Interment Camp - The forced movement of Japanese Americans into camps during the war
Battan Death March - Forced march of captured Americans and Filipinos in the Philippines
Battle of Midway - Naval battle between US and the Japanese forces won by America. Turning point of the war in the Pacific
Island Hopping - Strategy of invading weakly defended Japanese-held islands
Manhattan Project - Secret program to build an atomic bomb
Hiroshima - Japanese city of which the first bomb was dropped
Marshall Plan - Program in which US provided economic aid to the countries of Europe
GI Bill of Rights - measure that provided educational and economic help to veterans
Nuremberg trials - Tribunal that tried Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity
United Nations - International peacekeeping organization
Iwo Jima - An island that was close to Japan. It is where the famous propaganda picture was taken
Navajo Indians -"Code Talkers" spoke to each other in their native language because it could not be translated
Munich Agreement -(appeasement) Hitler was allowed to keep the land he acquired through acts of aggression as long as he promised not to attain any more land
FDR - President during WWII
Big Three - FDR (US),Stalin (USSR), and Churchill (Britain)
V-E Day - Victory in Europe
V-J Day - Victory in Japan
Yalta Conference - Meeting of Allied leaders to discuss the end of the war
Battle of the Bulge - Germany's last major attack
Holocaust - (Genocide) Mass murder of Jewish, Gypsies, and Polish by the Nazi's. (11 million deaths)
The 1950'and the Cold war
Suburb - Residential area surrounding a city
Baby Boom - Sharp increase in the US birthrate following WWII
Sunbelt - Region comprising the states of the South and Southwest
Rock n Roll - Form of popular music, developed from rhythm and blues and characterized by heavy beats and simple melodies
Levittown - William Levitt used an assembly line technique to create affordable house quickly on the outskirts on NYC
Interstate Highways - Developed to accommodate the growing suburbs and purchasing of automobiles
UNITED STATES:
Capitalism -Private ownership of industry,Freedom of competition, Economic classes (poor, middle class, rich)
Democracy - Government by the people (representative and direct)
Freedom - The condition of being free (freedom of speech, press, religion, to do business etc)
Individualism -Stresses the need of individuals to do things on their own, -Competition - the best individuals reach higher levels of power, status, and money
SOVIET UNION
Socialism -Government ownership of an industry, -Goal is to bring economic equality to people, Classless society
Totalitarianism - Government by one or few, Total control over many aspects of people's lives, No freedom of press or speech
Equality - Condition of being equal, highly valued: basic needs such as food, shelter, education and jobs for all people
Collectivism - Stresses the need for people to work together to benefit the whole, "One for all and all for one," total control over many aspects of people's lives
Harry S Truman - 33rd President and President during the beginning of the Cold war between the US and the USSR
Fair Deal - Name of Truman's domestic measures
Cold War - state of hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union but without military action between them
Containment - Effort to stop the spread of communism
Truman Doctrine - US policy of supplying aid to nations fighting for democracy
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - Military alliance of Western nations
Mao Zedong - Leader of communist China
38th Parallel - line dividing North and South Korea
Joseph McCarthy - Senator who claimed that communists were taking over the government
Brinksmanship - Willingness to go to the brink, edge, of war
Arms Race - Contest between Americans and Soviets to develop more weapons
H-Bomb - Hydrogen bomb
Space Race - Contest between United States and Soviet Union to dominate space exploration
Cuban Missile Crisis - (1962) The Soviet Union had missiles in Cuba pointed at the US and the US had missiles in Turkey pointed at the Soviet Union
Bay of Pigs - (1961) Failed attempt of Cuban exiles (trained by Eisenhower) and rebels to overthrow Fidel Castro
Warsaw Pact - Alliance between the USSR and Western European Nations
US Presidents during Cold War - Truman, Eisenhower,Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter Reagan
Soviet union Leaders during Cold War - Stalin, Khrushchev, Gorbachev
Berlin Wall - concrete wall with barbed wire and guardsman,created by Nikita Khrushchev, to divide Eastern and Western Berlin. Torn down in 1989 under President Reagan
VIETNAM
Geneva Accords - Divided Vietnam into North and South Vietnam along the 17th parallel
French Indochina -French colony that included Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Ho Chi Minh - Communist leader of North Vietnam
Domino Theory - Theory that if one nation became communist, so would surrounding nations
Ngo Dinh Diem -Anti-communist leader of South Vietnam
Viet Cong - Communist rebel group in South Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh Trail -Network of supply paths between North and South Vietnam
Cuban Missile Crisis -Confrontation between U.S. government and Soviets over missiles in Cuba
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - Allowed the president to use military force in Vietnam
Escalation -Increasingly military involvement in Vietnam
William Westmoreland -Commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam
Guerrilla warfare -Surprise attacks by small bands of fighters
Saigon - A city located in Southern Vietnam that was taken over by North Vietnamese and renamed Ho Chi Minh City.
Napalm - Jellied gasoline used to burn land
Agent Orange - Weedkiller used to destroy jungles and farmland
Tet Offensive - Massive surprise attack by Viet Cong on Tet holiday
Doves - Americans who oppose the war
Hawks - Americans who supported the war
Richard Nixon -President who ended the war in Vietnam
Vietnaminization -Policy of turning over much of the fighting to the South Vietnamese
Cambodia - Country bordering Vietnam
Twenty-sixth Amendment -Amendment that lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
War Production Act - Act that limited the president's war-making powers
Watergate Scandal -Nixon's cover-up of the break in at the Watergate Hotel
Kent State massacre -Occurred at Kent State University in Ohio on May 4th, 1970 when the National Guard shot into a crowd of students during a protest. 4 were killed and 9 were wounded
Reasons for Frustrating War:
1 - The use of guerilla warfare
2 - The Viet Cong was a dedicated enemy
3 - The Vietcong used the jungle to protect them
4 - The US soldiers were young and inexperienced
Richard Nixon - 37th President
Revenue Sharing - Policy in which federal government shared tax money with state and local governments
Henry Kissinger - President Nixon's national security adviser
Detente - The easing of tensions between rivals
SALT - Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement - Agreement between United States and Soviet Union to limit nuclear arms
26th Amendment: lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
War Power Act – Limited the President’s war making powers
Camp David Accords (1978)– Egypt and Israel signed the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation, ending a 30 year conflict
Iran Hostage Crisis (1979)a group of Iranians overran the American embassy in Iran’s capital of Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage
Persian Gulf War – the US and the UN drove Iraq out of Kuwait, a country that Iraq invaded in 1990
CIVIL RIGHTS
Civil Disobedience -Nonviolent protests against an unjust law
Thurgood Marshall -NAACP lawyer who led the challenge against segregation laws
Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (1954) - Supreme Court ruling that overturned the Plessy v Ferguson Supreme Court Case of 1896. "Separate but equal" is Unconstitutional in the field of public education
Montgomery Bus Boycott -Refusal by African Americans to ride buses in Montgomery, Alabama
Dr Martin Luther King Jr- Leader of the civil rights movement
Rosa Parks - Refused to give up her seat on a bus even though she was seating in the"colored" section
Dr Martin Luther king Jr. - Leader of the civil rights movement. he came to power during his involvement of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
SCLS - Southern Christian Leadership Conference - civil rights organization. MLK was president in 1957
Sit - in - Protest in which people sit in one place and refuse to move until their demands are met
SNCC - Civil rights organization formed by students
Freedom Rides - Protests against segregation on interstate busing in the South
CORE - Congress of Racial Equality. Organization that partook in freedom rides and sit-ins
Civil Rights Act of 1964- Law that outlawed racial segregation in the United States
Freedom Summer - Name of project to register Southern blacks to vote
Voting Rights Act - Law that banned state laws intended to keep blacks from voting
Great Society - Name of President Johnson's domestic programs
Malcolm X -African-American leader who first called for separation from whites but later advocated racial harmony
Cesar Chavez - Leader of the farm workers movement
National Congress of American Indians - Group formed in 1944 to promote the common welfare of Native Americans
Betty Friedan - Author of the book Feminine Mystique
NOW - National Organization for Women - Fought for equal rights for women in jobs and in education
ERA - Equal Rights Amendment that was defeated
AIM - American Indian Movement - Fought for the civil rights of Native Americans
Civil Rights -Rights to all people to equal treatment.
March on Washington -250,000 people came to Washington to listen to MLK speak at the Lincoln Memorial and support legislative laws to end segregation
Affirmative Action - An active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women
Selma to Montgomery March - March organized by the SCLC to gain voting rights
Higher Education Act 1972 - Banned discrimination of women from jobs, education and sports