5 Themes of Geography:
Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.
1-location
2-place
3-movement
4- human/environment interaction
5- region
Location- Tells you where it is
Longitude:East and West of prime meridian (vertical)
Absolute Location – exact place (examples: latitude and longitude, address)
Relative Location – what is around you (Example: Canada is North of America)
Prime Meridian – An imaginary line of longitude running from the north pole to the South pole that divides the earth in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Equator– An imaginary line of latitude running east and west that divides the earth in the western and eastern hemisphere
Hemisphere – One of the two shapes made by cutting a sphere in half
Place - natural and human features that make one place different from every other
Human/Environment Interaction- relationship between people and the environment (Example: turning farm land into cities)
Movement - how people, goods and ideas move from place to place
Regions - Share at least one common feature (weather regions, land form regions—mountains)
Political Maps-- Show man made features such as boundaries, cities, capitals
Physical Maps - Show physical features such as mountains, lakes, and rivers
Climate Maps - gives general information about the climate & precipitation of region.
Linguistic/language Map -Shows the geographic distribution of a language, or a dialect.
Road Map - A map,especially one for motorists, showing and designating the roads of a region
LANDFORMS:
Archipelago - a group of islands scattered through a large body of water
Basin - a bowl - shaped depression in the land, or a region that is drained by a specific river system
Bay - by tradition, some bodies of water partially enclosed by land are called bays
Canyon - a narrow valley with steep cliff walls on the sides, often with a river flowing through it
Continent - seven traditionally designated areas of the world: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America, and South America
Delta - An Area of land at the mouth of a river that forms from deposited silt, usually triangular in shape
Desert - a barren region with little rainfall, extreme temperatures, and little or no plant life
Forest - a large area of land densely covered with trees, plants, and underbrush
Glacier - a large sheet of ice that moves slowly over land and that forms as snowfall accumulates
Grassland - a large area covered with grass or grass like plants, such as a prairie or meadow
Gulf - by tradition, some bodies of water partially enclosed by land called gulfs
Hill - a natural elevation of land is lower than a mountain and often rounded
Island - a body of land that is smaller than a continent and completely surrounded by water
Isthmus - a narrow passage of land that connects two larger bodies of land and has water on both sides
Lake - a body of water that is enclosed by land
Mountain - a large, high elevation of land with steep sides that is larger than a hill
Ocean - the large body of salt water that covers most of the earth's surface, traditionally divided into the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Oceans
Peninsula - a large piece of land that projects into a body of water
Plain - a broad, flat area of land having few or no trees
Plateau - a generally flat area of land located at an elevated level
Rain Forest - a dense forest,usually tropical, that receives at least 100 inches of rainfall per year
River - a natural stream of water, usually large, that empties into another body of water
Sea - by tradition, many large bodies of water (some enclosed and some parts of oceans) are called seas
Valley - a long, low area of land between mountains or hills, often with a river flowing through it
Volcano - an opening in the earth's crust that erupts with hot lava, ash, or steam, or a mountain or hill formed by lava and ash
EARLY HUMANS
Archaeologists -are Scientists who examine objects to learn about past couples and cultures
Artifacts - objects made and used by humans
Fossils -hardened remains or imprints of living things that existed long ago
History- the written and other recorded events of people
Pre-history -is the time before history. The time before writing was invented
Oral Traditions -stories passed down by word of mouth
Hominids – a term that refers both to modern humans and to earlier groups that may have included ancestors or relatives of modern humans
Stone Age–A period of time during which hominids, including modern humans, made lasting tools mainly from stone
Nomads – people who have no settled home
Culture:elements that make up a way of life for people. Social and family organization, beliefs and values, technology, shelter and clothing, common activities, rituals and art
Migration—moving from one place to settle in another
Domesticate–adapt wild plants for human use
Irrigation –supplying land with water from another place using a network of canals
Surplus – more than is needed
Pastoral Nomads – raised livestock (pigs, sheep) and traveled from place to place searching for grazing fields
Decade – a time period of 10 years
Century – A time period of 100 years
Millennium – A time period of 1,000 years
B.C.– Before Christ
C.E.= Common Era
A.D–Anno Domini, which is Latin for “in the year of our Lord.”
B.C.E. - Before Common Era
Early Stone Age– Paleolithic – Hunters and gatherers, nomadic
Middle Stone Age– Mesolithic – early farmers, pastoral nomadic
New Stone Age– Neolithic – farming, development of towns, cities and civilizations
MESOPOTAMIA
Scribe - professional writer
Fertile Crescent –a region in Southwest Asia, site of the first civilization
City-State – a city that is also a separate independent state
Ziggurat–Religious pyramid, a Stairway from Heaven
Polytheism – the belief in many gods
Myth – traditional story,in some cultures, a legend that explains people’s beliefs
Empire – Many territories and people controlled by one government
Babylon – the capital of Babylonia, a group of great wealth and luxury
Caravan – a group of travelers journeying together
Bazaar – a market selling different kinds of goods
Zoroastrianism – a religion that developed in ancient Persia
Alphabet – a set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language
Monotheism – the belief in one god
Famine – a time when there is so little food that people starve
Exile – to force someone to live in another country
Covenant – a binding agreement
Moses – an Israelite leader whom the Torah credits with leading the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan
Prophet– a religious teacher who is regarded as someone who speaks for God or a god
Diaspora – the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs
Code - an organized list of laws and rules
Cuneiform - a group of wedges and lines used to write several languages of the Fertile Crescent
Hammurabi's Code - a set of laws that were written down
Phoenicians - used ships to trade goods with other people.
Ancient EGYPT
Nubia – an ancient region in the Nile River Valley, on the site of the present day southern Egypt and northern Sudan
Cataract – a large waterfall,any strong flood or rush of water
Delta – plain at the mouth of the river, formed when sediment is deposited by flowing water
Silt – Fine soil found on the river bottoms
Pharaoh – the title of the kings of ancient Egypt
Dynasty– A series of rulers from the same family or ethnic group
Absolute Power –A complete control over someone or something
Regent – someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule
Afterlife – a life after death
Mummy – a dead body preserved in lifelike conditions
Pyramid – a huge building with four sloping triangle-shaped sides, built as royal tombs in Egypt
Giza – An ancient Egyptian city; the site of the Great Pyramids
Hieroglyphs - pictures and other written symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds
Papyrus– a nearly form of paper made from a reed plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta; the plant use to make this paper
Astronomer - a scientist who studies the stars and other objects in the sky
Ore – a mineral or a combination of minerals for the production of metals
Menes - Pharaoh that united Upper and Lower Egypt
Lower Nubia –the region of ancient Nubia between the first and second Nile cataracts
Upper Nubia –the region between the second and sixth Nile cataracts
Social Classes - Pharaoh
Upper Class - nobles, priests, members of Pharaoh's court
Middle Class - skilled workers, merchants
Peasants (Lower Class) - farmers, road and temple builders
Artisan - a worker who is skilled in crafting goods by hand
Upper Egypt - Located in Southern Egypt
Lower Egypt - Located in Northern Egypt
Nile - A river that runs through Egypt
Ancient CHINA
Loess – yellow brown soil
Dike – a protective wall that controls or holds backwater
Extended family – closely related people of several generations
Confucius (552 – 479 B.C. ) –a Chinese philosopher and teacher whose beliefs had a
great influence on Chinese life
Taoism – The belief idea that life should be lived in harmony with nature
Philosophy – a system of beliefs and values
Civil Service – the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government
Shi Huangdi – founder of the Qin dynasty and China’s first emperor
Currency – the type of money used by a group or a nation
Wudi – Chinese emperor who brought the Han dynasty to its greatest strength
Warload – a local leader of an armed group
Qin Dynasty – 1st dynasty of China
Currency – the type of money used by a group or a nation
Wudi – Chinese emperor who brought the Han dynasty to its greatest strength
Warload – a local leader of an armed group
Silk Road – an ancient trade route between China and Europe
Liu Bang - Founder of the Han dynasty
Silk – a valuable cloth,originally made only in China from threads spun by caterpillars called silkworms
Dynasty - a series of rulers from the same family
Tang - a dynasty that ruled China for almost 300 years
Song - a dynasty that ruled China after the Tang
Merit System - a system of hiring people based on their abilities
Kublai Khan - a Mongol emperor of China
Sima Qian – a Chinese scholar,astronomer, and historian; author of themost important history ofancient China, Historical Records
Historical Records – a major source of written information on Chinese history
Great wall of China – many walls that stretches about 4,500 miles in order to protect china from invading nomads
Mongols - Group that conquered the Song dynasty and took over China
Ancient Greece
Epic – a long poem that tells a story
Acropolis – a high, rocky hill where early people built cities
City state – a city with its own traditions, government, and laws, both a city and a separate independent state
Aristocrat – a member of a rich and powerful family
Tyrant – a ruler who take power with the support of the middle and working classes
Democracy – a form of government in which citizens govern themselves
Immortal – someone or something that lives forever
Oracle – in Ancient Greece, a sacred site used to consult a god or goddess; any priest or priestess who spoke for the gods
Philosopher – someone who used reason to understand the world; in Greece the earliest philosophers used reason to
explain natural events
Tragedy – a type of series drama that ends in disaster for the main character
Minoans - built a great temple at Knossos complete with statues and paintings
Trojan Horse - Greeks hid in a "gift" to the Trojans and at night attacked and burned the city of Troy
Pericles - created a democracy in Greece
Homer - author of the Illiad and the Odyssey which is based off the story of the Trojan Horse
Dark Ages - Greek civilization collapsed
Parthenon - building built during the Golden Ages by Peroicles to honor the godessess Athena
Olympics - Held every four years. Originally started to honor the god Zeus
Greek Philosopers - Aristolte, Socrates, Plato
Minoans - built the great city of Knossos which had many statues and paintings
Socrates - Asked people questions which caused them to think. He was found guilty of dishonoring the gods and was sentenced to death by drinking the poison hemlock.
Solon - helped promote democracy by reforming debt laws and rules for debating laws
Athens – a city-state in ancient Greece, the capital of modern day Greece
Agora – a public market place in an ancient Greek city,the agora with a capital A refers to the Agora of Athens
Vendor – a seller of goods
Slavery – a condition of being owned by, and forced to work for, someone else
Sparta – a city-state in ancient Greece
Helots – in ancient Sparta, the term for slaves who were owned by the state
Peloponnesian War – war fought between Athens and Sparta in ancient Greece, almost ever other city-state was involved in the war
Plague – a widespread disease
Blockade – an action taken to isolate the enemy and cut off its supplies
Barbarian – a person who belongs to a group that others consider wild, or uncivilized
Assassinate - to murder for political reasons
Alexander the Great – (356 – 323 a.c.) king of Macedonia, conquered Persia and Egypt and invaded India
Hellenistic – describing Greek history or culture after the death of Alexander the Great. Greek kings ruled and cities were modeled after Greek cities
Alexandria - named after Alexandra the Great. Center in egypt for trade and learning
Three Kingdom's of Alexander’s empire:
1 - Egypt
2 - Persia
3 - Greece and Macedonia
Macedonia - Area above Greece that was run by King Phillip and eventually Alexander the Great
King Phillip - King of Macedonia who conquered egypt, greece, and part of India
Battle of Marathon - Athenians defeated the Persians
Ancient ROME
Location - Rome is lcoated near fertile soil and the Mediterranean Sea
Etruscan - Romans did not want to be ruled by a king but they did adopt the Etuscams culture, gods, and alphabet
Plebeian – an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman Republic. They could not hold office or be a senator
Patricians - Upper class of Rome
Republic - public affairs where citizens elect representatives to run the government
Consul – an elected official who led the Roman Republic
Civil War in rome - a time after Julius Caesar was killed. Chaos and war ensued for nearly 100 yers
Veto – the power of one branch of government to reject bills another branch of the government
Dictator – a person in the ancient Roman Republic appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency, with all the powers of a king
Province – a unit of an empire
Caligula and Nero - Cruel and viloent leaders of ancient Rome
Concerte - building material used by the Romans
Colosseum – a large amphitheater built in Rome around A.D. 70, site of contests and combats
Aqueduct – a structure that carries water over long distances
Polytheism – a belief in more than one god
Augustus - Brought rome back to peace and prosperity. The people gave him a lot of power
Roman Conquerers - Built new cities in each province. They allowed people to keep their culture and language
Arch - a curved structure used as support over an open space, as in a doorway
Julius Caesar - Ruler who was murdered by his own Senate because they believed he had to much power and was ruling like a king
Citizen - Included father, mother, children and slaves
Baptism - sacrament in Christianity that water is poured over a person's head (usually a baby) for purification.
Communion - Sacrament in Christianity where you receive bread and wine which symbolizes the body and blood of Jesus
Poor citizens - had no jobs and relied on the government for grain
Constantinople - Is the New Roman capital in Turkey
Senate -proposed and voted on laws
Augustus - Ruled after Caesar. The people gave him power because they were grateful for peace and prosperity
Census – an official count of people living in a place
Job of the Assembly - vote to approve or reject laws
Republic - Citizens elect representatives
Villa – a country estate
Circus – an arena in ancient Rome or the show held there
Gladiator – a person who fought to the death as entertainment for the Roman public
Jesus – founder of Christianity; believed by Christians to be the Messiah
Messiah – a savior of Judaism and Christianity
Disciple – a follower of a person or belief
Epistle – the Christian Bible, letters written by disciples
Martyr – a person who dies for a cause
Persecution - to treat people in a cruel or unjust way
Constantine – emperor of Rome from A.D. 312 to 337, encouraged the spread of Christianity and built St Peter's Church
Mercenary – A soldier who serves for pay in a foreign army
Inflation – an economic situation in which the government issues more money with lower value
Paul - disciple who wrote epistles and spread Christianity
Women's Role - women's role depended on the power of her husband
Decline of Rome (Why Rome fell)
1. Rome became to large
2. Corrupt leaders
3. Mercenaries fought for money not for pride
4. Germanic tribes
5. Assassination of leaders
Commodus - Used mercenaries to support him, made poor choices, and did not respect the senate
Paterfamilias - Has absolue control over the family
Islam:
Constantinople – the capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire
Justinian – One of the greatest Byzantine Emperors
Medieval – existing during the Middle Ages
Middle Ages – the period between A.D. 476 and about 1500
Schism – a split, particularly in a church or religion
Muhammad – the prophet and founder of Islam
Nomads – People with no permanent home, who move from place to place in search of food, water, or pasture
Caravan – a group of traders traveling together for safety
Mecca – An Arabian trading center and Muhammad’s birthplace
Muslims – followers of Islam
Mosque – a Muslim house of worship
Quran – the holy book of Islam
Omar Khayyam – Muslim poet, mathematician, and astronomer
Caliph – A Muslim ruler
Sufis – A Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life
Sultan – A Muslim ruler, particularly the ruler of the Ottoman empire
5 Pillars of Islam -
Sunnis - believed any Muslim man of Muhammad’s tribe could be a leader of the country. No one man should tell Muslims God’s message
Shiites - believed the leader should be a descendant of Muhammad
Middle Ages
Middle Ages – the years between the ancient and modern times
Medieval – referring to the Middle Ages
Feudalism – a system which land was owned by kings or lords but held by vassals in return for their loyalty
Serf – A farm worker considered part of the manor on which he or she worked
Clergy – persons with authority to perform religious services
Excommunication –expelling someone from the Church
Guild – a Medieval organization of craft workers or trades people
Apprentice – an unpaid person training in a craft or trade
Chivalry – the codeof honorable conduct for knights
Troubadour – a traveling poet and musician of the Middle Ages
Holy Land – Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught
Crusades – a series of military expeditions launched by Christian Europeans to win the Holy Land back from Muslim Turks control
Jerusalem – a city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews
Pilgrim – a person who journeys to a sacred place
Magna Carta – the“Great Charter” in which the king’s power over his nobles was limited, agreed to by King John of England in 1215
Model Parliament – a council of lords, clergy, and common people that advised the English king on government matters
Hundred Year’s War –a series of conflicts between England and France
Peter the Hermit - the first Christian to fight the Muslims for the Holy Land
Knight - Fought for the King in exchange for land
Peasants - Farm workers, known as serfs on a Manor, who provided for the Manor and needed permission from the Lord to leave the Manor
Norman Conquest - In 1066 William of Normandy, a duke from France, had conquered England in what we now call the Norman Conquest
Nation - a shared territory and a government
Magna Carta - The great charter agreed to by King John of England
Muslim (Seljuk) Turks - Stooped Christians from their pilgrim to the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
Manor - Place where serfs worked the land and paid taxes to the Lord
Serf - peasant farmers
Lord - Oversaw the manor
Norman Conquest - Invasion of England in 1066 by an army of Norman, Breton (region in France) and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled as William the Conqueror
Renaissance
Renaissance – a widespread change in culture that took place in Europe beginning wit hthe 1300’s. Started in Italy
Humanism – an interest in the classics
Movable Type –individual letters and marks that can be arranged and rearranged quickly
Indulgence – an official pardon for a sin given by the pope in return for money
Salvation – to go to heaven, in religious terms
Protestant – refersto Christian groups that separated from the Catholic Church
Reformation – the term used to describe Luther’s break with the Church and the movement it inspired
Lord - Protected the land of the people on his manor
John Calvin - believed faith alone could win salvation and Godhad determined long ago who would be saved, a belief in predestination
Leonardo da Vinci - Famous for the Mona Lisa
Donatello - A famous sculptor who worked in the city of Florence creating life-like sculptures of the human body inspired by the Greeks and the Romans
Michelangelo - His greatest works was the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which is located in the Vatican in Italy depicting scenes form the old testament
Rafael - Mostly known for the his Madonna's
Martin Luther - wrote a document featuring 95 theses, or arguments, challenging the Church
Jesuits - Part of the Catholic reformation and part of a society of Jesus who worked to educate people and spread thecatholic faith and resulted in strengthening the church in Southern Europe
Henry VIII - Started the Church of England because the Pope would not give him a divorce and he wanted an heir to the throne
Petrach - studied the ancient Romans and had a love of science. He wrote sonnets that revealed a view of love and nature that is different from Medieval sonnets
Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.
1-location
2-place
3-movement
4- human/environment interaction
5- region
Location- Tells you where it is
Longitude:East and West of prime meridian (vertical)
Absolute Location – exact place (examples: latitude and longitude, address)
Relative Location – what is around you (Example: Canada is North of America)
Prime Meridian – An imaginary line of longitude running from the north pole to the South pole that divides the earth in the Northern and Southern hemispheres
Equator– An imaginary line of latitude running east and west that divides the earth in the western and eastern hemisphere
Hemisphere – One of the two shapes made by cutting a sphere in half
Place - natural and human features that make one place different from every other
Human/Environment Interaction- relationship between people and the environment (Example: turning farm land into cities)
Movement - how people, goods and ideas move from place to place
Regions - Share at least one common feature (weather regions, land form regions—mountains)
Political Maps-- Show man made features such as boundaries, cities, capitals
Physical Maps - Show physical features such as mountains, lakes, and rivers
Climate Maps - gives general information about the climate & precipitation of region.
Linguistic/language Map -Shows the geographic distribution of a language, or a dialect.
Road Map - A map,especially one for motorists, showing and designating the roads of a region
LANDFORMS:
Archipelago - a group of islands scattered through a large body of water
Basin - a bowl - shaped depression in the land, or a region that is drained by a specific river system
Bay - by tradition, some bodies of water partially enclosed by land are called bays
Canyon - a narrow valley with steep cliff walls on the sides, often with a river flowing through it
Continent - seven traditionally designated areas of the world: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America, and South America
Delta - An Area of land at the mouth of a river that forms from deposited silt, usually triangular in shape
Desert - a barren region with little rainfall, extreme temperatures, and little or no plant life
Forest - a large area of land densely covered with trees, plants, and underbrush
Glacier - a large sheet of ice that moves slowly over land and that forms as snowfall accumulates
Grassland - a large area covered with grass or grass like plants, such as a prairie or meadow
Gulf - by tradition, some bodies of water partially enclosed by land called gulfs
Hill - a natural elevation of land is lower than a mountain and often rounded
Island - a body of land that is smaller than a continent and completely surrounded by water
Isthmus - a narrow passage of land that connects two larger bodies of land and has water on both sides
Lake - a body of water that is enclosed by land
Mountain - a large, high elevation of land with steep sides that is larger than a hill
Ocean - the large body of salt water that covers most of the earth's surface, traditionally divided into the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern Oceans
Peninsula - a large piece of land that projects into a body of water
Plain - a broad, flat area of land having few or no trees
Plateau - a generally flat area of land located at an elevated level
Rain Forest - a dense forest,usually tropical, that receives at least 100 inches of rainfall per year
River - a natural stream of water, usually large, that empties into another body of water
Sea - by tradition, many large bodies of water (some enclosed and some parts of oceans) are called seas
Valley - a long, low area of land between mountains or hills, often with a river flowing through it
Volcano - an opening in the earth's crust that erupts with hot lava, ash, or steam, or a mountain or hill formed by lava and ash
EARLY HUMANS
Archaeologists -are Scientists who examine objects to learn about past couples and cultures
Artifacts - objects made and used by humans
Fossils -hardened remains or imprints of living things that existed long ago
History- the written and other recorded events of people
Pre-history -is the time before history. The time before writing was invented
Oral Traditions -stories passed down by word of mouth
Hominids – a term that refers both to modern humans and to earlier groups that may have included ancestors or relatives of modern humans
Stone Age–A period of time during which hominids, including modern humans, made lasting tools mainly from stone
Nomads – people who have no settled home
Culture:elements that make up a way of life for people. Social and family organization, beliefs and values, technology, shelter and clothing, common activities, rituals and art
Migration—moving from one place to settle in another
Domesticate–adapt wild plants for human use
Irrigation –supplying land with water from another place using a network of canals
Surplus – more than is needed
Pastoral Nomads – raised livestock (pigs, sheep) and traveled from place to place searching for grazing fields
Decade – a time period of 10 years
Century – A time period of 100 years
Millennium – A time period of 1,000 years
B.C.– Before Christ
C.E.= Common Era
A.D–Anno Domini, which is Latin for “in the year of our Lord.”
B.C.E. - Before Common Era
Early Stone Age– Paleolithic – Hunters and gatherers, nomadic
Middle Stone Age– Mesolithic – early farmers, pastoral nomadic
New Stone Age– Neolithic – farming, development of towns, cities and civilizations
MESOPOTAMIA
Scribe - professional writer
Fertile Crescent –a region in Southwest Asia, site of the first civilization
City-State – a city that is also a separate independent state
Ziggurat–Religious pyramid, a Stairway from Heaven
Polytheism – the belief in many gods
Myth – traditional story,in some cultures, a legend that explains people’s beliefs
Empire – Many territories and people controlled by one government
Babylon – the capital of Babylonia, a group of great wealth and luxury
Caravan – a group of travelers journeying together
Bazaar – a market selling different kinds of goods
Zoroastrianism – a religion that developed in ancient Persia
Alphabet – a set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language
Monotheism – the belief in one god
Famine – a time when there is so little food that people starve
Exile – to force someone to live in another country
Covenant – a binding agreement
Moses – an Israelite leader whom the Torah credits with leading the Israelites from Egypt to Canaan
Prophet– a religious teacher who is regarded as someone who speaks for God or a god
Diaspora – the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs
Code - an organized list of laws and rules
Cuneiform - a group of wedges and lines used to write several languages of the Fertile Crescent
Hammurabi's Code - a set of laws that were written down
Phoenicians - used ships to trade goods with other people.
Ancient EGYPT
Nubia – an ancient region in the Nile River Valley, on the site of the present day southern Egypt and northern Sudan
Cataract – a large waterfall,any strong flood or rush of water
Delta – plain at the mouth of the river, formed when sediment is deposited by flowing water
Silt – Fine soil found on the river bottoms
Pharaoh – the title of the kings of ancient Egypt
Dynasty– A series of rulers from the same family or ethnic group
Absolute Power –A complete control over someone or something
Regent – someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule
Afterlife – a life after death
Mummy – a dead body preserved in lifelike conditions
Pyramid – a huge building with four sloping triangle-shaped sides, built as royal tombs in Egypt
Giza – An ancient Egyptian city; the site of the Great Pyramids
Hieroglyphs - pictures and other written symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds
Papyrus– a nearly form of paper made from a reed plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta; the plant use to make this paper
Astronomer - a scientist who studies the stars and other objects in the sky
Ore – a mineral or a combination of minerals for the production of metals
Menes - Pharaoh that united Upper and Lower Egypt
Lower Nubia –the region of ancient Nubia between the first and second Nile cataracts
Upper Nubia –the region between the second and sixth Nile cataracts
Social Classes - Pharaoh
Upper Class - nobles, priests, members of Pharaoh's court
Middle Class - skilled workers, merchants
Peasants (Lower Class) - farmers, road and temple builders
Artisan - a worker who is skilled in crafting goods by hand
Upper Egypt - Located in Southern Egypt
Lower Egypt - Located in Northern Egypt
Nile - A river that runs through Egypt
Ancient CHINA
Loess – yellow brown soil
Dike – a protective wall that controls or holds backwater
Extended family – closely related people of several generations
Confucius (552 – 479 B.C. ) –a Chinese philosopher and teacher whose beliefs had a
great influence on Chinese life
Taoism – The belief idea that life should be lived in harmony with nature
Philosophy – a system of beliefs and values
Civil Service – the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government
Shi Huangdi – founder of the Qin dynasty and China’s first emperor
Currency – the type of money used by a group or a nation
Wudi – Chinese emperor who brought the Han dynasty to its greatest strength
Warload – a local leader of an armed group
Qin Dynasty – 1st dynasty of China
Currency – the type of money used by a group or a nation
Wudi – Chinese emperor who brought the Han dynasty to its greatest strength
Warload – a local leader of an armed group
Silk Road – an ancient trade route between China and Europe
Liu Bang - Founder of the Han dynasty
Silk – a valuable cloth,originally made only in China from threads spun by caterpillars called silkworms
Dynasty - a series of rulers from the same family
Tang - a dynasty that ruled China for almost 300 years
Song - a dynasty that ruled China after the Tang
Merit System - a system of hiring people based on their abilities
Kublai Khan - a Mongol emperor of China
Sima Qian – a Chinese scholar,astronomer, and historian; author of themost important history ofancient China, Historical Records
Historical Records – a major source of written information on Chinese history
Great wall of China – many walls that stretches about 4,500 miles in order to protect china from invading nomads
Mongols - Group that conquered the Song dynasty and took over China
Ancient Greece
Epic – a long poem that tells a story
Acropolis – a high, rocky hill where early people built cities
City state – a city with its own traditions, government, and laws, both a city and a separate independent state
Aristocrat – a member of a rich and powerful family
Tyrant – a ruler who take power with the support of the middle and working classes
Democracy – a form of government in which citizens govern themselves
Immortal – someone or something that lives forever
Oracle – in Ancient Greece, a sacred site used to consult a god or goddess; any priest or priestess who spoke for the gods
Philosopher – someone who used reason to understand the world; in Greece the earliest philosophers used reason to
explain natural events
Tragedy – a type of series drama that ends in disaster for the main character
Minoans - built a great temple at Knossos complete with statues and paintings
Trojan Horse - Greeks hid in a "gift" to the Trojans and at night attacked and burned the city of Troy
Pericles - created a democracy in Greece
Homer - author of the Illiad and the Odyssey which is based off the story of the Trojan Horse
Dark Ages - Greek civilization collapsed
Parthenon - building built during the Golden Ages by Peroicles to honor the godessess Athena
Olympics - Held every four years. Originally started to honor the god Zeus
Greek Philosopers - Aristolte, Socrates, Plato
Minoans - built the great city of Knossos which had many statues and paintings
Socrates - Asked people questions which caused them to think. He was found guilty of dishonoring the gods and was sentenced to death by drinking the poison hemlock.
Solon - helped promote democracy by reforming debt laws and rules for debating laws
Athens – a city-state in ancient Greece, the capital of modern day Greece
Agora – a public market place in an ancient Greek city,the agora with a capital A refers to the Agora of Athens
Vendor – a seller of goods
Slavery – a condition of being owned by, and forced to work for, someone else
Sparta – a city-state in ancient Greece
Helots – in ancient Sparta, the term for slaves who were owned by the state
Peloponnesian War – war fought between Athens and Sparta in ancient Greece, almost ever other city-state was involved in the war
Plague – a widespread disease
Blockade – an action taken to isolate the enemy and cut off its supplies
Barbarian – a person who belongs to a group that others consider wild, or uncivilized
Assassinate - to murder for political reasons
Alexander the Great – (356 – 323 a.c.) king of Macedonia, conquered Persia and Egypt and invaded India
Hellenistic – describing Greek history or culture after the death of Alexander the Great. Greek kings ruled and cities were modeled after Greek cities
Alexandria - named after Alexandra the Great. Center in egypt for trade and learning
Three Kingdom's of Alexander’s empire:
1 - Egypt
2 - Persia
3 - Greece and Macedonia
Macedonia - Area above Greece that was run by King Phillip and eventually Alexander the Great
King Phillip - King of Macedonia who conquered egypt, greece, and part of India
Battle of Marathon - Athenians defeated the Persians
Ancient ROME
Location - Rome is lcoated near fertile soil and the Mediterranean Sea
Etruscan - Romans did not want to be ruled by a king but they did adopt the Etuscams culture, gods, and alphabet
Plebeian – an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman Republic. They could not hold office or be a senator
Patricians - Upper class of Rome
Republic - public affairs where citizens elect representatives to run the government
Consul – an elected official who led the Roman Republic
Civil War in rome - a time after Julius Caesar was killed. Chaos and war ensued for nearly 100 yers
Veto – the power of one branch of government to reject bills another branch of the government
Dictator – a person in the ancient Roman Republic appointed to rule for six months in times of emergency, with all the powers of a king
Province – a unit of an empire
Caligula and Nero - Cruel and viloent leaders of ancient Rome
Concerte - building material used by the Romans
Colosseum – a large amphitheater built in Rome around A.D. 70, site of contests and combats
Aqueduct – a structure that carries water over long distances
Polytheism – a belief in more than one god
Augustus - Brought rome back to peace and prosperity. The people gave him a lot of power
Roman Conquerers - Built new cities in each province. They allowed people to keep their culture and language
Arch - a curved structure used as support over an open space, as in a doorway
Julius Caesar - Ruler who was murdered by his own Senate because they believed he had to much power and was ruling like a king
Citizen - Included father, mother, children and slaves
Baptism - sacrament in Christianity that water is poured over a person's head (usually a baby) for purification.
Communion - Sacrament in Christianity where you receive bread and wine which symbolizes the body and blood of Jesus
Poor citizens - had no jobs and relied on the government for grain
Constantinople - Is the New Roman capital in Turkey
Senate -proposed and voted on laws
Augustus - Ruled after Caesar. The people gave him power because they were grateful for peace and prosperity
Census – an official count of people living in a place
Job of the Assembly - vote to approve or reject laws
Republic - Citizens elect representatives
Villa – a country estate
Circus – an arena in ancient Rome or the show held there
Gladiator – a person who fought to the death as entertainment for the Roman public
Jesus – founder of Christianity; believed by Christians to be the Messiah
Messiah – a savior of Judaism and Christianity
Disciple – a follower of a person or belief
Epistle – the Christian Bible, letters written by disciples
Martyr – a person who dies for a cause
Persecution - to treat people in a cruel or unjust way
Constantine – emperor of Rome from A.D. 312 to 337, encouraged the spread of Christianity and built St Peter's Church
Mercenary – A soldier who serves for pay in a foreign army
Inflation – an economic situation in which the government issues more money with lower value
Paul - disciple who wrote epistles and spread Christianity
Women's Role - women's role depended on the power of her husband
Decline of Rome (Why Rome fell)
1. Rome became to large
2. Corrupt leaders
3. Mercenaries fought for money not for pride
4. Germanic tribes
5. Assassination of leaders
Commodus - Used mercenaries to support him, made poor choices, and did not respect the senate
Paterfamilias - Has absolue control over the family
Islam:
Constantinople – the capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire
Justinian – One of the greatest Byzantine Emperors
Medieval – existing during the Middle Ages
Middle Ages – the period between A.D. 476 and about 1500
Schism – a split, particularly in a church or religion
Muhammad – the prophet and founder of Islam
Nomads – People with no permanent home, who move from place to place in search of food, water, or pasture
Caravan – a group of traders traveling together for safety
Mecca – An Arabian trading center and Muhammad’s birthplace
Muslims – followers of Islam
Mosque – a Muslim house of worship
Quran – the holy book of Islam
Omar Khayyam – Muslim poet, mathematician, and astronomer
Caliph – A Muslim ruler
Sufis – A Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life
Sultan – A Muslim ruler, particularly the ruler of the Ottoman empire
5 Pillars of Islam -
- Shahada: Faith.
- Salah: Prayer.
- Zakāt: Charity.
- Sawm: Fasting.
- Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca.
Sunnis - believed any Muslim man of Muhammad’s tribe could be a leader of the country. No one man should tell Muslims God’s message
Shiites - believed the leader should be a descendant of Muhammad
Middle Ages
Middle Ages – the years between the ancient and modern times
Medieval – referring to the Middle Ages
Feudalism – a system which land was owned by kings or lords but held by vassals in return for their loyalty
Serf – A farm worker considered part of the manor on which he or she worked
Clergy – persons with authority to perform religious services
Excommunication –expelling someone from the Church
Guild – a Medieval organization of craft workers or trades people
Apprentice – an unpaid person training in a craft or trade
Chivalry – the codeof honorable conduct for knights
Troubadour – a traveling poet and musician of the Middle Ages
Holy Land – Jerusalem and parts of the surrounding area where Jesus lived and taught
Crusades – a series of military expeditions launched by Christian Europeans to win the Holy Land back from Muslim Turks control
Jerusalem – a city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Muslims, and Jews
Pilgrim – a person who journeys to a sacred place
Magna Carta – the“Great Charter” in which the king’s power over his nobles was limited, agreed to by King John of England in 1215
Model Parliament – a council of lords, clergy, and common people that advised the English king on government matters
Hundred Year’s War –a series of conflicts between England and France
Peter the Hermit - the first Christian to fight the Muslims for the Holy Land
Knight - Fought for the King in exchange for land
Peasants - Farm workers, known as serfs on a Manor, who provided for the Manor and needed permission from the Lord to leave the Manor
Norman Conquest - In 1066 William of Normandy, a duke from France, had conquered England in what we now call the Norman Conquest
Nation - a shared territory and a government
Magna Carta - The great charter agreed to by King John of England
Muslim (Seljuk) Turks - Stooped Christians from their pilgrim to the Holy Land (Jerusalem)
Manor - Place where serfs worked the land and paid taxes to the Lord
Serf - peasant farmers
Lord - Oversaw the manor
Norman Conquest - Invasion of England in 1066 by an army of Norman, Breton (region in France) and French soldiers led by Duke William II of Normandy, later styled as William the Conqueror
Renaissance
Renaissance – a widespread change in culture that took place in Europe beginning wit hthe 1300’s. Started in Italy
Humanism – an interest in the classics
Movable Type –individual letters and marks that can be arranged and rearranged quickly
Indulgence – an official pardon for a sin given by the pope in return for money
Salvation – to go to heaven, in religious terms
Protestant – refersto Christian groups that separated from the Catholic Church
Reformation – the term used to describe Luther’s break with the Church and the movement it inspired
Lord - Protected the land of the people on his manor
John Calvin - believed faith alone could win salvation and Godhad determined long ago who would be saved, a belief in predestination
Leonardo da Vinci - Famous for the Mona Lisa
Donatello - A famous sculptor who worked in the city of Florence creating life-like sculptures of the human body inspired by the Greeks and the Romans
Michelangelo - His greatest works was the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel which is located in the Vatican in Italy depicting scenes form the old testament
Rafael - Mostly known for the his Madonna's
Martin Luther - wrote a document featuring 95 theses, or arguments, challenging the Church
Jesuits - Part of the Catholic reformation and part of a society of Jesus who worked to educate people and spread thecatholic faith and resulted in strengthening the church in Southern Europe
Henry VIII - Started the Church of England because the Pope would not give him a divorce and he wanted an heir to the throne
Petrach - studied the ancient Romans and had a love of science. He wrote sonnets that revealed a view of love and nature that is different from Medieval sonnets